Biopsy
Biopsy
An oral biopsy involves removing a small tissue sample from the mouth—such as the gums, tongue, or cheeks—for microscopic examination. It helps determine if the tissue is benign, precancerous, cancerous, or affected by conditions like infection, irritation, or autoimmune disease.
Why Might You Need an Oral Biopsy?
You may be referred for a biopsy if your dentist or hygienist notices any of the following during an exam:
- A persistent sore that doesn’t heal after 2 weeks
- A white or red patch in the mouth
- A lump, bump, or swelling
- Unexplained pain, numbness, or bleeding
- A thickened area or change in texture of the tissue
- Suspicious lesions in patients with a history of tobacco or alcohol use
These signs don’t always indicate something serious, but a biopsy is the most reliable way to rule out serious conditions and move forward with the proper treatment if necessary.
Types of Oral Biopsies
There are several types of biopsies depending on the size, location, and nature of the lesion:
- Incisional Biopsy – A small portion of the lesion is removed for diagnosis.
- Excisional Biopsy – The entire lesion is removed, often used when the abnormal area is small.
- Brush Biopsy – A less invasive method using a small brush to collect cells from the surface; may be used as a screening tool.
- Punch Biopsy – A circular blade is used to remove a core of tissue, often used for flat lesions.
Your dentist or oral surgeon will determine which type is most appropriate.
What to Expect During the Procedure
Local anesthesia is administered to numb the area, keeping you comfortable during the procedure. The biopsy generally takes only a few minutes to complete. Sometimes, stitches are necessary to aid healing. The tissue sample is then sent to a laboratory, and results are usually ready within 7 to 14 days.
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